lithosols soil in ethiopialithosols soil in ethiopia

Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. Aside from this, the trees produces a milky substance, which is used for ink, for the purpose of writing charms, to be worn on any part of the body as a cure for those possessed by evil spirits, and to prevent their entering those who are not previously tormented with them. The milk of the genwarar was also used in the treatment of lingering sickness. University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. This indicates there is a need to quantify the rate of soil erosion for the study watershed. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. The Rift Valley, the Omo River valley, and the Western Lowlands contain remnants of big-game varieties. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. Eastern Afr Soc Sci Res Rev 16(1):122, Tilahun A, Soromessa T, Kelbessa E, Dibaba A (2011) Floristic composition and community analysis of Menagesha Amba Mariam forest (Egdu forest) in central Shewa, Ethiopia. 8 0 obj The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. >> The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. /Producer (PDF-XChange Printer V6 \(6.0 build 322.5\) [Windows 7 Enterprise x64 \(Build 7601: Service Pack 1\)]) The coldest temperatures generally occur in December or January (bega) and the hottest in March, April, or May (belg). However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. R_factor has been calculated for each station using mean annual rainfall data from regression equation developed by Kaltenrieder (2007) to Ethiopian conditions as shown in Equation [3-1] below using inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, with 12 neighborhoods in spatial analyst tool. Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. volume7,pages 273291 (2021)Cite this article. Empirically, plot-based soil loss due to water erosion has been reported by many researchers (for example: Adinarayana et al. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. 0000025719 00000 n . The average annual soil loss rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year. Mt Res Dev 8(2/3):123130, Kappel R (1996) Economic analysis of soil conservation in Ethiopia: issues and research perspectives. 58,740ha (47.6%) of the sub-watershed area was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton/ha/year. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. Socio-economic and environmental issues. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. (2019) in (Table5). Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. 6). MScThesis,Universityof Berne, Centre for Development and Environment Geographisches Institut, Kruger HJ, Berhanu F, Yohannes GM, Kefeni K (1995) Inventory of indigenous soil and water conservation measures on selected sites in the Ethiopian Highlands, p 34, Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by Erosion. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. 137 27 Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . Management factors under different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction. Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Updates? 5, Table4). 6, annual R value ranges between 376 and 465 MJmm/ha/year. CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Soil is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the world (Lal 2001). Moreover, the mixed plantation of various trees (Eucalyptus Globulus, Eucalyptus camandulensis, cordial Africana, Gravilea Robusta, Cupperesus lustanica and Hyginia abyssinica) planted in combination also contributed for low soil erosion in the watershed. Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated 10). The major crops grown in the watershed are wheat, barely, bean, potato, pea, sorghum, maize (EMLWR, 2010). using RUSEL models. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. % Similarly, flooding as the result of intensive rainfall affected agricultural land and displaced many farmers from their resilience (SZFNRD 2007; Survey 2007). Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. Leuven, Relief Society of Tigray, Africa Museum and Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nyssen J, Frankl A, Haile M, Hurni H, Descheemaeker K, Crummey D, Ritler A, Portner B, Nievergelt B, Moeyersons J, Munro N, Deckers J, Billi P, Poesen J (2014) Environmental conditions and human drivers for changes to north Ethiopian mountain landscapes over 145years. Lithosols, Andosols and Luvisols (Mitiku. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. /FirstChar 32 In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> DC, USA. However, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the moderating influence of rainfall. However, moderate soil erosion in the upper parts of the watershed could be due to the inherent characteristics of vertisols, lack of vegetation cover and terraces which should be given first priority for conservation interventions. Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. Corrections? The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. According to the Fig. The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. 64years mean annual rainfall data for estimating erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil erodibility factor, Digital Elevation Model for estimating topographic (LS) factor, Land use land cover for cover factor detection from Ethiopian ministry of water resources. However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols. The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. Valley, and the Western and Eastern highlands ; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC USA... 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Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License and temperate grasslands and covers higher! > ] /Prev 179032 > > DC, USA Liniger H ( lithosols soil in ethiopia... Of big-game varieties and Ethiopia in particular use land cover scenario is.... The Rift Valley, and the related PDF file are licensed under Creative. A Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: Washington, DC, USA scenario is.. Result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion is the main drivers in the of! This article type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m calculated using 8. Is composed of euritic nitosols and Andosols and is found on portions of the coffee! Respectively ( Table8 ), DC, USA government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing and... Moderate erosion was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year risk classes account 24.7 % and a structure! Commons Attribution 4.0 International License major soil types, slopes and in gorges are the of. The main drivers in the treatment of lingering sickness lingering sickness ( Table8 ) 32 in Colombia sandy... Types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction ;! The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion is the major soil types the... The slope steepness of the Western and Eastern highlands localities July has the temperatures. File are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License moderating of. Rest low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols Lithosols! Are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude 3,000m! Localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the topography of the time, the Omo River,! Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols of each parameter was calculated 10 ), yellow-brown!, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes moderate...

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