Where is the oil refinery in water treatment rust. with the efficient stacking of above the process takes 25 min. By protecting water treatment assets from corrosion during operation and layup, and by removing scale as needed, refineries can increase system efficiency and avoid unfortunate complications from rust and scale. Facilitating the refinery process using Merus Rings. Seymour,Southbury, The Pennsylvania State University 2020. Decay 8 hours HP 1500 Loot Shopping Craft This courseware module is offered as part of the Repository of Open and Affordable Materials at Penn State. Author: Dr. Semih Eser, Professor of Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Penn State. Topping, catalytic reforming, asphalt production, or lube oil manufacturing processes, but excluding any facility with cracking or thermal operations, Topping, cracking & petrochemical operations*, Topping, cracking & lube oil manufacturing processes, Topping, cracking, lube oil manufacturing processes & petrochemical operations*, Development Document Supplement for Pretreatment (March 1977). Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment: Principles and Operational Challenges A Presentation at the STS-AIChE Water Forum and Exhibition Houston, TX - May 7, 2020 . 26 Aug. 2013. An official website of the United States government. (Note: the NAICS group listing is provided as a guide and does not define the coverage of the Petroleum Refining regulations. One Man's Quest to Preserve the World's Smallest Oil Refinery. This may include personalization of content and ads, and traffic analytics. The VCIs vaporize and spread throughout the internal space of the boiler or cooling tower, forming a molecular adsorbed layer on metal surfaces to inhibit corrosion activity. Again, the presence of VCIs is extra protection for metals in the headspace above the water, where there could be water condensation corrosion problems. I was thinking that if this man leaves me here, how will I ever get home? The refinery struck him as little more than a pile of industrial junk, yet he felt he had come so far. Process area and non-process area runoff from storm events. From Maine to Alaska, narrow gauge is all the rage, including one of the most historic, Pennsylvanias East Broad Top. The bottoms are periodically removed. Inside the two-decade-long effort to restore the mansions colorful frescos. One of the viable options is to have your plumbing system replaced. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 4 0 obj Once players have Low-Grade Fuel, there is a lot it can be used for. Unique adaptations allow the ambush predator to thrive in an environment that would kill most other organisms. Lusk is miles off the beaten path, but he imagines school field trips to learn about the role oil played in building America and tourists road tripping to see his tiny marvel. Great guide, could be very helpful for newer players. That the refinery would encourage people not to use its product is a sign of American selflessness. % Wastewater from product washing, catalyst regeneration & dehydrogenation reactions. He founded Refinery Water Engineering & Associates Inc. (RWE), a small environmental engineering firm uniquely specialized on oil refinery applications, and served as its COO for twelve years. Water Treatment Plant This is one of the more recognizable monuments to Rust players from years gone by. Downtime is another expense for AS because it leads to lost production. endobj Wallingford,Waterbury,West Haven,Wolcott, But he sees more than technological history in his refinery. A half a world away in Islamabad, Pakistan, its owner . Do you have experience and expertise with the topics mentioned in this content? Corrosion can delay start-up time because of needed restoration, or, if severe, can completely ruin equipment. That earned it recognition by Guinness World Records as the smallest operating oil refinery at a capacity of 190 barrels of crude a day. We have now developed a special Merus ring to treat hydrocarbons. Still, it was Khalids energy and independent mindset that drew him to the project. Fixed an area on the Large Oil Rig behind pipes on Level 5 where players could get stuck. With Mosman Well Works, expect quality rust removal services from the industrys leading experts in plumbing systems. 21 Oct. 2016. Your toilets bowls and sinks too may also accumulate brownish and reddish rings. Even when the refinery and petrochemical wastewaters had very high chemical oxygen demand (COD) to biological oxygen demand (BOD) ratios, the 2-D electrode still had about 25 percent higher electrical cost than the cost of aeration in AS treatment. 2217 Earth and Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 If the corrosion propagates, it can lead to equipment contamination or even failure. He also envisions enclosing the stills and boilers in glass. He made annual trips to Wyoming. When hydrostatic test water is cycled through the new equipment and drained, it leaves behind a damp environment that encourages corrosion on piping and vessel interiors. Before he met Khalid, Girone said, he felt, like many others in Lusk, that the refinery was a blighted mess that should be torn down. Changed Oil Refinery so it can be repaired with the Hammer. Sometimes he gets frustrated when he feels America doesnt share his love of its own history. Another alternative is by combining an enhancement product with a water softener. Content posted in this community. We did research in the field of oil treatment after encountering these problems in the treatment of cooling water in refineries. Stratford,Trumbull,Weston, stream Full-scale AS contaminant removal vs. pilot eAOP contaminant removal, Full-scale AS aeration electricity consumption vs. pilot eAOP electrode electricity consumption. AOPs that use eBeams and plasma arcs have not yet been tried in the refinery and petrochemical applications because more research and pilot tests need to be conducted. Petrochem WWTP influent is relatively stable with respect to variation in contaminant levels when compared to oil refining influent. Only one OPEX cost, electricity, which also is usually plentiful and cheap in refineries and petrochemical plants since electricity is typically generated onsite. He has considered taking the stills to Pakistan, but he knows that without context, they would just be old vats. The regulations cover wastewater discharges at over 140 refineries across the country. Today, the site contains the original Spanish-style refinery office, a dozen salvaged steel storage tanks, and a building housing the heating elements for refining. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS When the vessel is filled and water cycled through the system, the pouch and VCI powder dissolve and offer lingering system protection. The Water Treatment Rust is a plant that processes and purifies water for human consumption. Original content can be found at Oil and Gas Engineering. Testing of the amine-based VCI inhibitor for 2200 hours in a hot steam/water closed loop showed a corrosion rate of only 0.72-0.74 mils per year (mpy), compared with a corrosion rate of 8.29 mpy for the control. Authors' Note: Refinery Water Engineering & Associates (RWE) is a consulting engineering firm that specializes in oil refinery and petrochemical wastewater optimization for its WWTP clients. One maintenance cost: periodic cleaning of the electrodes. Shelton, Waterbury, and John C. Crittenden, Ph.D., P.E., F. ASCE, NAE, CAE, is the director of the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Hightower Chair and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Sustainable Systems at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The College of Earth and Mineral Sciences is committed to making its websites accessible to all users, and welcomes comments or suggestions on access improvements. The last 18 months the global coronavirus pandemic has done what even 9/11 could not: prevented Khalid from traveling to Wyoming. Kujawski earned a B.S. The HRT required for eAOP Reactors was around 75 percent lower than that of the existing AS. It is important to note that AOPs are markedly different from simple oxidizers such as chlorine, peroxide, permanganate, UV light by itself, etc., which are much weaker oxidizers than the hydroxyl radical. Primary Oil-Water Separation: API Separators. Consider installing either a plastic or PEX plumbing. Search Products And Discover New Innovations In Your Industry. The only issue with Low-Grade Fuel, as well as many other resources, is that Rust doesn't tell the player where they can find it. Substantial OPEX reductions were projected for maintenance costs, mainly because the eAOP system has essentially no moving parts, whereas the AS has many moving parts in numerous locations that result in substantial routine downtime. ?d*vLFVCPk(Cb{n]({\Ags!%DPapEn00~#=Oa =u/Zq+!(b/pl The eAOP field pilot reactor for this study consisted of a 5-gallon vessel with an operating wastewater capacity of 4.5 gallons. However, The image of his refinery supporting these American pilots resonated with Khalid. After the pipes or vessels have been hydrostatically tested and drained, the corrosion inhibitor formulation leaves behind a protective molecular film on the metal surfaces, protecting against corrosion that could develop from the moisture-ridden environment. Although the amount of iron in most private wells is not harmful to your health, it can be a nuisance. Most of these attempts failed for the same reason: The temperature of these wastewater streams was too high, and as such the cost of ozone was too high. Out-of-use systems can experience corrosion and rust sitting idle, presenting a major problem if the refinery plans to come back on-line or repurpose the equipment elsewhere. Vessels containing hydrocarbons or other chemicals should also be cleaned with a solvent or alkaline cleaner before scale removal. Wet layup of boilers and steam systems can be performed with the same amine/oxygen scavenger additive used for process water equipment operating at high temperatures. %PDF-1.3 Players will want to make sure to break every red barrel they come across to ensure they maintain a steady supply of Low-Grade Fuel and Crude Oil. In the near future, eAOP may likely also outcompete and replace biological treatment in oil refinery wastewater. Where is the oil refinery in water treatment rust. However, even more research is needed beyond these tiny researches. 6 0 obj Exterior surfaces should be cleaned with an alkaline cleaner that inhibits flash rust, and all exposed machined surfaces should be covered with a water-based corrosion-inhibiting coating. Oil refining, e.g. The lubricating system can be protected by adding a compatible VCI additive at 5% by volume. Roy Chamberlain and James Hoblit, two working class oilmen, built the refinery in 1933 and named it after themselvesC&H. This Monument has a low radiation hazard and does not spawn any hostile Scientists, making it moderately accessible to any type of survivor. We were sure that fluid treatment could not be limited to aqueous fluids. The thicker the scale layers inside heat exchanger piping, the greater the obstruction to proper heat transfer. . Mosman Well Works is proud to serve a number of areas in and around the state of Connecticut. Figure 2 illustrates the PFD of the projected and potentially scaled-up eAOP system. Rust Monument Guide - The Water Treatment Plant, This guide is just a video which I made on the topic. For petroleum refineries, this includes microorganisms that aggressively digest hydrocarbons and produce biosurfactants to sequester contaminants into smaller droplets, making them more available for degradation. today for professional well and water solutions. However, H2S is one of the first species to be completely oxidized with AOP. Figure 10.9 lists the different types of wastewater, pollutants involved in wastewater streams, and the major refinery units that generate significant amounts of wastewater. Our team of technicians are available for emergency service 365 days a year and our customer service line is open 24 hours a day to answer your questions. The projected annual savings of no biomass sludge handling treatments and no subsequent offsite landfill disposal was around $1.1 million per year. It is a graveyard of history, Khalid said, gesturing at the rusty tanks during one of his many visits to Lusk. 172K views 3 years ago Rust Monuments The water treatment plant is a large and easy to loot monument which can provide a wealth of crates and buildings to explore. 1 0 obj You can effectively combat this by treating your water using alkaline materials such as magnesium oxide or neutralizing agents like calcium carbonate. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. If your problems are caused by salty sea water you might also find it interesting to read the explanations on our Marine page. Click here for a text alternative to the figure above, Credit: Dr. Semih Eser Penn State is licensed under, Primary and secondary treatment processes, Lesson 1: Introduction to Petroleum Refining and Crude Oil Composition, Lesson 2: Properties and Classification of Crude Oil, Lesson 7: Catalytic Conversion Processes Part 1, Lesson 8: Catalytic Conversion Processes Part 2, Lesson 11: Past and Future of Petroleum Refining, Repository of Open and Affordable Materials, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Earth and Mineral SciencesEnergy Institute, iMPS in Renewable Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, BA in Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, 2217 Earth and Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802. Espaol - Latinoamrica (Spanish - Latin America). Storm water may be contaminated because of incidental exposure to pollutant sources on refinery surfaces and accidental spills. Electrochemical AOPs (eAOP) generate hydroxyl radicals from electrochemical reactions on the surface of the semiconductor anode in an electrochemical cell. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website and to improve the This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The application improves system liquid flow and increases heat-exchange efficiency. Oil refining: Similarly, the overall amount of wastewater is greatly influenced by other systems which are not specifically engaged in production such as sanitary, crude as well as laboratory water [5]. endobj In the Depression, tiny refineries popped up across the oil regions as enterprising people sought to make the most of what they had. Particularly for troublesome streams that could cause problems downstream in the central WWTP, and especially for the protection of the AS biomass, eAOP upstream pretreatment would be of great interest. And we can even do this in high-temperature processes of more than 300 Celsius. Considering the vast amounts of water used in a refinery, wastewater treatment constitutes a very significant supporting process for safe operation. The Low-Grade Fuel gathered from red barrels is ready to use, while the Crude Oil will . Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. This is critical for plant safety, not to mention proper equipment functioning. Waste streams may include water from sludge dewatering if lime softening is used; ion exchange regeneration water; or reverse osmosis wastewater. It is even more annoying when your white fabrics appear yellowish after laundry. Naugatuck, This indicates blood streamed more successfully with alkaline water. How did they get to Wyoming? These non-pathogenic microorganisms can be specially chosen to target specific contaminant types. Oil and gas refineries handle large volumes of process water and wastewater to carry out daily operations. This formulation serves as an excellent low-toxicity alternative to highly toxic hydrazine as an oxygen scavenger. Instead, this guide will teach players each method of obtaining Low-Grade Fuel, and which ones are the easiest and the fastest. Selection is based on how good the microorganisms are at producing certain enzymes that allow them to digest contaminants as food. %PDF-1.7 Consequently, eAOP essentially has little downtime. A practical and effective way to protect against corrosion during and after hydrostatic testing is by introducing a low dose (0.3-1.0% by volume) amine carboxylate corrosion inhibitor treatment into the hydrotesting water. However, dynamic influent variability can be tolerated with eAOP because of the ease of process control adjustments when compared to biological treatment. If your water supply has a buildup of iron and other minerals, you may notice that appliances such as your dishwasher machine use more detergent and require additional cycles to appear clean. Mosman Well Works are experts that you can trust. When you are alone, you are not alone. Low pH contributes significantly to the formation of corrosive water. Rust not only shortens the lifespan of your appliance but also lowers your homes resale value. Its also a good way of ensuring pipes, cooling loops, and similar systems are well cleaned before layup. He paid cash and trusted that the future would make itself clear. Bridgeport,Bristol,Brookfield,Danbury,Darien,Easton, Several years ago, when I bought a rust-free 1987 Subaru GL in Arizona and brought it back to the Northeast, I was concerned about how its paper-thin sheetmetal would fare against the scourge of salt that state and municipal transportation authorities order dumped on snow-prone roads each winter. xV]o0}p The refinery's production rate is 85,000 barrels per day, and is currently expanding its capacity to 100,000 barrels per day. This will not only make Low-Grade Fuel easier to come by, but it will open a world of possibilities for the player down the line. In the large and small harbor, the oil refinery can be found around the middle of the monument after going down a flight of stairs. It also allows quick start up of the system because the inhibitor does not leave a solid residue and therefore need not be flushed out before being put back into operation. Unlike desiccant, which must be removed before the equipment can be restarted, VCI reptiles can often be left inside the boiler or cooling system when re-commissioned. It is this degree of difficulty for bioreactor control in these two industries that has motivated many to investigate treatment alternatives for improved performance. Don't warn me again for Rust. Small Oil Refinery The Small Oil Refinery is used to refine low grade fuel from crude oil. Where To Find Low-Grade Fuel In Rust. Richard Collier, Courtesy of the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office, The Evolutionary Quirk That Allows Antarctica's Icefish To Survive Extreme Cold, The Historians Saving Americas Pint-Sized Railroads, The Earthshaking History of San Francisco's Quake Shacks, Revealing the Risqu Art of Pompeiis House of the Vettii, These Grandmothers Are Preserving Ukraines Folk Music Traditions, The Many Lives of Oahus Majestic Koko Crater Trail, How a Group of Rock Climbers Saved a Ranch for Everyone, Show & Tell: The Radio Guys Collection of Scary-Looking Headgear, Hawaiis Native-Language Newspaper Archive, 'Discovering' Mexico's Monarch Butterfly Migration, The Real Story Behind George Washington's Dentures, See the Mysterious Horned Helmet of Henry VIII. However, it usually has a much wider range of biologically recalcitrant and inhibitory molecules, and thus the degree of stress on the AS biomass is usually much greater than in oil refining wastewater. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Source water must be treated prior to use in the refinery. 3 0 obj The effluent guidelines and standards are incorporated into NPDES permits for. In contrast, many other treatment technologies have variable hyperbolic effectiveness with respect to destroying organic contaminants, making it difficult to respond to variable wastewater contaminant concentrations. This protective layer is an important factor in attaining full 360 corrosion protection for the hydrotested pipe. The eAOP field pilot was run on a side stream from the AS on a continuous feed basis and was subsequently compared to the full-scale AS. The simplest way to find Low-Grade Fuel is for players to break open red barrels. Cheshire,Derby,East Haven,Guilford, Contact us today for professional well and water solutions. Another water treatment challenge for refineries is the problem of releasing wastewater with a high level of chemical contaminants such as hydrocarbons. Much like a small or large furnace operates, an oil refinery takes the crude / raw product and uses wood as a fuel source. Limescale in effluent water pipe of a refinery. RWEs is only aligned with its clients best interests. Thank you and I hope to help as many new and sometimes old players as possible with these videos. locations in Connecticut including Even the presence of loose rust in a water system can lead to clogging or contamination after seasonal layup. Both of these are essential to gathering fuel. Holden, Jim, P.E. For these cases please go to Merus Oil and Gas. See. Allah, God, walks with you, he said. Bionetix International. direct dischargers. He sees a share of American glory days. Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. National Register of Historic Places, took students to study the refinery and lobbied for preservation of the site. Get a peek into what were obsessed with right now. The plant does not refine oil or any other petroleum products. For approximately 70 years now, biological wastewater treatment has been the workhorse for industrial wastewater treatment. One major factor is the impurities in the crude oil and also in the cooling water. Goshen,Harwinton,Kent,Litchfield,Morris,New Hartford,New Milford,Norfolk,North Canaan,Plymouth,Roxbury,Salisbury,Sharon,Thomaston,Torrington,Washington,Watertown,Warren,Winchester,Winsted,Woodbury, Ansonia, Addition of water softeners adds salt to your well water, eliminating rust and other particles that are hard to remove through filtration. This pilot study did not evaluate the impact of shutting down the WAO that pretreats one of the nine upstream wastewater sources, which contains a high concentration of H2S. Destiny is in the hands of God.. Figure 1 illustrates the process flow diagram (PFD) of the existing WWTP. The distillation equipment at the heart of the refinerytwo large brick and steel structureshave been salvaged and repurposed time and again and they are rare surviving examples of the earliest era of American oil innovation. The refinery had not produced anything but local resentment and rust for years. With the dedication of some local oil workers, he got the refinery working. Refineries use biological treatment to remove organic compounds. We stand by our work and no job is too challenging for our team. Bethel, If you need water treatment on the cooling side of the process please have a look at the information here. I feel I share that because I own this property, this refinery, here in America., As the world anticipates a post-fossil fuel age, Khalid sees petroleum as a modern miracle the world will never truly run without. endobj This is my second, updated video on the Water Treatment Plant, because a lot of you have been requesting it.Links:Discord: https://discord.gg/TrQa8bWPatreon:. Or the cooling is more efficient with clean surface. Figure 1 illustrates the process flow diagram (PFD) of the existing WWTP. "S-15 Total Replacement for Hydrazine Programs." For closed loops, condensers, and cooling systems . You can find an oil refinery, recycler, repair bench and pump jack all at this location. The eAOP field pilot was run on a side stream from the AS on a continuous feed basis and was subsequently compared to the full-scale AS. The petrochemical plant where this field pilot study was performed generates around 1,500 GPM of wastewater. The Water Treatment Plant is also a hotspot because of its multiple utilities: One Recycler, located inside the large corrugated shed Two Oil Refineries, one underneath the Plant in a tunnel, the other is located at a tunnel grate One Pumpjack, located on the edge of the Monument Two Repair Tables, located in the large corrugated sheds This item will only be visible in searches to you, your friends, and admins. Westport,Wilton, Litchfield County Partial or full layup of a refinery can be a sensitive time for equipment. Petrochem WWTP influent contains little to no total suspended solids (TSS) or oil and gas (O&G), so there is little potential for electrode fouling in the eAOP reactor. Our job is just to make an effort. The site isn't (entirely) irradiated. The four types of refinery wastewater include cooling water, process water and steam, storm water, and sanitary sewage water. We have thus proven that we are now able to treat heat exchangers on both sides. It is important to note that during the pilot study, one upstream source of the nine total wastewater source trunk lines contained very high H2S levels and was typically pretreated with wet air oxidation (WAO), another type of AOP. Official websites use .gov The first oil well was drilled in 1884, a time when independent oilmen came West seeking their fortunes away from the eastern oil scene dominated by Standard Oil. cx#tp4v:L cw1f ./[w~\;n "::O'40JTJ*$Y>S|p4-6 {"-dE3?q~|np8,H2-n95YrOV%rtQd3"l6S:R6eFYx@SRD)w8HgF0]KYWZ1Ii2lYU0St t,zrpaC>R4 }+v{64_t|6e;,mbjk%gPEM,6c.wY- _.4`p{'_YEjI1^9)N e]ThraH\>w==K ftW\>s(c;J&cv3r&U_}8 These were important considerations in the justification to perform a field pilot study comparing the existing AS process to eAOP. A short hydraulic retention time (HRT) for nearly complete oxidation of the wastewater contaminants: minutes versus hours as compared to biological treatment. 290-293. 1 10 100 1000 10 mm Mechanical IGF Conventional DAF, DNF Microorganisms come packaged in water soluble pouches and are typically applied in a higher initial "shock" dose, followed by a smaller maintenance dose to keep the COD/BOD under control. This leads to emergency shut down, expensive downtime to clean and replace worn or damaged components. A far greater range of tolerance to temperature compared to biological treatment and other AOPs. As a result, your well water becomes corrosive, which dissolves fittings, fixtures and pipes causing problems to your water supply system. Call: Layup also can be performed by the same method as hydrostatic testing. It smells the way industrial America used to smell. The cost of the refinery is quite expensive but can prove to be worth its cost in the long run. 3. You should consider contributing to our CFE Media editorial team and getting the recognition you and your company deserve. These are scattered all over the map and only contain 2 items: Low-Grade Fuel and Crude Oil. EPA promulgated the Petroleum Refining Effluent Guidelines and Standards ( 40 CFR Part 419) in 1974 and amended the regulations in 1975, 1977, 1982 and 1985. Formed in extraction of acidic compounds from product streams. Petrochem WWTP influent contains many organic contaminants that are either recalcitrant or even inhibitory to biomass growth, but they are very oxidizable using eAOP. Among these, the most heavily polluted wastewater stream that requires serious treatment is the process water and steam that come into direct contact with petroleum fractions. Chapman helped prepare the application for the National Register of Historic Places, took students to study the refinery and lobbied for preservation of the site. Currently, the electricity cost for eAOP appears to be about 15 percent lower than the electricity cost of aeration in an activated sludge treatment plant. If you believe your item has been removed by mistake, please contact, This item is incompatible with Rust. Follow us on Twitter to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. If youre experiencinglow water pressure from your wellor need awell pump replaced, give us a call. Review our, Julie Holmquist, Cortec; Casey Heurung, Cortec; Tonya Decterov, Bionetix, Cortec S-15 as an Alternate to Hydrazine Treatment in Steam Generating Systems, S-15 Total Replacement for Hydrazine Programs, Practical approaches to rigorous corrosion protection, Know what to prioritize when choosing a valve, Program 1056 180 Screw-on hinge without hinge pin, Fluid viscosity effects on valve performance, Curve Top Safety Disconnect Switch with Inform Technology. The eAOP reactor was a once-through reactor. <> Changed Oxygen timer so it updates in real time when the player has the diving tank equipped. I am very choosy with my content, and look for ways the youtuber could . LTD. Oil | Gas | Water Treatment | Oil & Water Separation | Membranes Published Feb 20, 2023 + Follow No purchase necessary. Figure 10.9 lists the different types of wastewater, pollutants involved in wastewater streams, and the major refinery units that generate significant amounts of wastewater. It is such an attractive ad, he said. The presence of an acrylic polymer helps to prevent scale. [5] Petroleum Refining, by J. H. Gary, G. E. Handwerk, M. J. Kaiser, 5th Edition, CRC Press NY, 2007, Chapter 13, Supporting Processes, pp. All rights reserved. For Khalid, the micro-refinery embodies the power of post-war America. Destiny, we dont know.