With the cult of the sun in mind and heart, the Inca troops, loyal to the Cuzco rulers, conquered other tribes from present-day northern Ecuador, central Chile, south-central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, and from the coasts of the Pacific Ocean to the Amazon jungle. On the other hand, if you were not noble, you would be trained to be proficient in various job skills. They built a system of roads and bridges across the roughest terrains of the Andes. So there were some benefits, but they were offset by substantial disadvantages. If you were lucky enough to be part of the Incas noble branches then you would receive an education of very high quality. empire. Ancient America was the home of many large, advanced civilizations including the Maya, Inca, Olmec and Aztec societies. In this way, they made a daily contribution to the power of the Inca state. The Incas domesticated very few animals llamas, alpacas, ducks, and guinea pigs. Incas also had bright dyes and they could have easily used Lama or Alpaca wool as string covered in these bright dyes. The growth of the Inca Empire was meteoric. One of the latest phenomena that are being exhibited in Glass is often used as an alternative to crystal gemstones Jet is a stark black or dark brown lustrous gemstone Apophyllite pronounced uh paw fih lite or a poh fee Biotite is a mica mineral known for being a part Chalcopyrite is a naturally brassy yellow copper mineral known for 1.7M+ REVIEWS | 1000+ NEW GEMS DAILY |. Interestingly, the Incas organized the city into 2 major dynasties, the Hurin (upper) and the Hanan (lower). The conquistadors were not much tallerperhaps 5'3. Their sole method of passing their wisdom and information to the next generation was through the spoken word. A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com - The Inca state and culture were born with a legend. How To's is where you will find helpful articles from gem Rock Auctions on how to cut gemstones, select gemstones and buy gemstones. This led to the creation of the great Inca Empire. The other thing the Incas did that was innovative but that also built on existing systems was to create a vast network of roads, some 40,000 kilometers according to John Hyslop, who's the leading expert on that. Instead, there were potentially a series of candidates whose legitimacy was validated through success. Keshwa Chaca - Suspension Rope Bridge. This, of course, is only to be expected. The name means old hill, and the site is thought to have originally been part of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui's large estate. In other words, this is the same distance between New York City and San Francisco. Terence D'Altroy: It was about 2,400 miles from north to south. With the road system and messenger service, the king could send out an order to mobilize an army for defense and the men of the various communities would respond in a timely fashion. When Pachacamac was pleased, all went well; when he was angry, he could cause earthquakes. In each district of the four in which they divided their Empire, the Inka had councils of war, justice, treasury. Createyouraccount. Cuzco became the political, administrative, and military center of the Inca Empire. As they lived in earthquake prone areas they built their structures on a lean of 8-13% to allow for earthquakes . How tall were Incas? Order could therefore be maintained quite easily because any rebellion or invasion or natural disaster could be met quickly since the roads served well as a communication network. The Inca Empire was at its height between 1471 and 1525, from the expansionist empire . The Nazca lines were created by the Nazca people between 500 BCE and 500 CE. It probably also had the impact of reducing infant mortality, because the mothers' diets were better, the children were no longer living in such cold environments, and the people weren't compressed into such nucleated communities. The prime kind of gift would be very, very fancy cloth, Cumbi cloth, which was a tapestry weave cloth. It is possible the site was always intended as a place of worship or, perhaps, was a fortress installation. The first is the ceramics for their religious or festive ceremonies. The Incas used diplomacy before conquering a territory, they preferred peaceful assimilation. The mission of civilization was given to them by their father, the sun god. That's a very effective way to create leadership in a people who were trying to expand their power. Some Spanish report that they were mistaken as gods by the Incas, who were expecting the return of their creator god, Viracocha. High grade Granite was used in important places like temples and yes the joins are so perfect that a credit card cannot be inserted between the rocks. The Inca civilization (c. 1400-1533 CE) is among the most vital of South America in terms of its cultural influence and legacy. The truth is that it expanded by thousands of kilometers, reaching part of the current territories of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Argentina. The result of the rebellion was the death of the legitimate heir to the throne. We find, for example, that the last undisputed ruler of the empire, a man by the name of Huayna Capac, when he went to Ecuador sometime in the early 16th century and developed a new capital and carried out warfare, he took along 2,000 of his wives, leaving the other 4,000 in Cuzco! At the head of it was the emperor or Sapa Inca who was responsible for taking care of his people. On the other hand, it can be very destructive in a society in which stability has been reached, because instead of leading to dynamic leadership it leads to factional competition among the leadership, and it breaks down the power of the political structure. Kay Pacha the Middle World, home to humans, animals, vegetation. "The Incas feared lunar eclipses as they believed that during an eclipse, an animal, possibly a mountain lion or serpent, was attacking Mama Quilla Killa. We have always been what we are now. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Inca government went from this lowest level up a hierarchy of groups of ten, each one overseeing the one below, to the king at the top. There are more than 400 circular stone houses on the site, which is bordered by an imposing 66-foot-tall wall. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. However, they did invent a way to keep their records through quipu, a series of long and knotted strings. Longer than any stone bridge in Europe at the time, the Incan bridges spanned openings of at least 150 feet (46 meters). However, it should be noted, that the average height for the Inca roads is 13,800 feet above sea level. The Inca, like most native people in Mesoamerica, were not very tall people. In some ways, life was much better under the Incas than it had been previously, and in other ways it was, of course, much worse. That's a problem we're still working on and will probably be working on for some time. Celts, in fact, arrived long before Columbus in the New World, together with Carthaginians. Roughly 200 structures survived throughout the ruins - all of them lost their wooden, straw-thatched roofs over the ages. Inca, also spelled Inka, South American Indians who, at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1532, ruled an empire that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from the northern border of modern Ecuador to the Maule River in central Chile. Overwhelmed by Spanish invaders, the Inca Empire collapsed in 1572. Here are ten facts about the Inca you need to know. They were awestruck by the magnificent stone cities, the gold and treasure. There were stations, inns, and storage depots along this roadway to supply troops, give travelers a rest, and maintain those who worked for the messenger services. Despite this fact, it does not fail to amaze all the tourists who visit it, with its truly awesome design and wonderful views. Inca culture began in the city of Cusco in the country of Peru, which over time spread to other cities . They also built suspension bridges over rivers. Wealth also included productive lands, which the Incas were very interested in gaining, and finally things like products of human labor, particularly cloth, which was the most esteemed kind of material good in the empire. When the Incas developed the empire, they simultaneously used existing structures and innovated. The evening meal, when the family and wider community would gather was the most important daily ritual at which the gods would be thanked and people would socialize. Furthermore, while you might not realize it, the language has had a great impact around the world. One's ability to command labor, either by having a large family at a local level or by commanding the labor of a large set of people through conquest, really made an individual or polity wealthy. However, while the relationship of the two dynasties were good for the most part, sometimes friction did exist between the two. The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru, Ten Facts You Need to Know about the Inca, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, Hanan Pacha the Upper World (also known as Land of the Sun), home to the sun god. The Inca Empire had a network of paved roads with messengers who Books One of the most amazing facts about the Incas is that since people were well-fed and safe from the bad weather and the natural disasters, crime was virtually non-existent in the Inca Empire. In addition, there was a reduction in the amount of warfare at a local level. The Incan massive road system emanated from Cuzco to connect the four regions of the country. From ancient Egyptians, Aztecs, Easter Islanders and Mayans, all these civilizations built monuments from heavy stone. The children of the god Inti, Manco Capac and his sister Mama Ocllo wandered from Lake Titicaca to the Cuzco Valley. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1506/ten-facts-you-need-to-know-about-the-inca/. While the tools that they used in their surgeries were very limited, this did not hinder them from having a 90% of successful rate on brain surgeries. Machu Picchu's construction style and other evidence suggest that it was a palace complex of the ruler Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (reigned c. 1438-71). The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Yes. Millions of people still speak it. The most famous Inca site is Machu Picchu located in the Andes Mountain range above the Urubamba Valley. Were the Incas violent or peaceful? Baffling Unexplained Alien Condition Evidence Of Unknown DNA? Children followed whatever their parents' position/role/job was, and most women were expected to follow their mothers in getting married, having children, and caring for the home even though some were also or exclusively priestesses or brewers of beer or other occupations. They had a system of record-keeping known as quipu which used knotted strings to signify a certain amount of information. Despite the beauty of Macchu Picchu, one of the amazing facts about the Incas is that they never actually finished it. It is not known for sure when the empire began as such. It extended across western South America from Quito in the north to Santiago in the south. In the 1100s and 1200s, change came to Chaco as new construction slowed and Chaco's role as a regional center shifted. Incas were known to be very tall. Although Pizarro is routinely credited with the downfall and destruction of the Inca Empire, it would have fallen on its own in time simply because it could no longer maintain the kind of cohesion it had earlier. Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru on a 2,430-meter (7,970 ft) mountain ridge. How did you use the result to determine who walked fastest and slowest? Recent archeological research suggests that the Incas actually had a fairly potent state-level society in the Cuzco area that took about 200 years to develop and that the empire as an expansionist polity probably started early in the 15th century, that is, sometime fairly soon after 1400. The Inca society had a very clear social structure. Machu Picchu is an ancient city that was built by the Inca civilization in the 15th century. Back to main . When the Incas resettled the populations, an awful lot of that population abandoned the high-elevation settlements and moved into places that were more dispersed and more accessible to productive agricultural lands. Did the conquistadors go through the Andes? Some rocks were over 5 meters tall and 2-3 meters thick and wide with free-form shapes and they managed to fit them together perfectly. Are the Olmecs the oldest civilization in Mexico? Machu Picchu has been discovered to have an average height of 5 feet 2 inches for men and 4 feet 11 inches for women. Did the Aztecs or the Incas build Machu Picchu? Laws, which were decreed at the capital of Cuzco, were sent quickly throughout the empire via the road system, and the hierarchy of rule from local to national made sure these laws were obeyed. One of the most amazing facts about the Incas is that since people were well-fed and safe from the bad weather and the natural disasters, crime was virtually non-existent in the Inca Empire. They worked every day to bring food from the earth. There are some indications that infant mortality rates decreased substantially under the Incas. The name Chachapoya actually comes from the Incan language Quechua, as when the Incas first found them they were living in the cloud forests. The Spanish conquistadors, led by Francisco Pizarro, first encountered the Incas at the start of the 1530s. How did the Inca Empire expand its power? These were attached to stone structures on either side of the crossing. The Inca laws were severe and punishment was harsh. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Where ever it would touch the ground a city would spring forth. In Inca mythology, Manco Capac is either the son of the god creator of the world, Viracocha, or the son of Inti, the Sun god and patron deity of the Incas. Within 20 years, the Empire was in ruins and the Spanish were in undisputed possession of the Inca cities and wealth. Did the Mayas, Aztecs and Incas live in Mesoamerica? This material may not bepublished, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or part without the express written permission of AncientPages.com, de Gamboa, Pedro Sarmiento. The Incas had many local forms of worship, most of them concerning local sacred "Huacas", but the Inca leadership encouraged the. Explore the world of the Inca, learning about their home life, agriculture, and the four provinces of the Incan Empire, including its central city of Cusco. . According to legend, Inti sent out Manco Capac and his brothers to find a place that was suitable for a civilization. Many short rock tunnels and vine-supported suspension bridges were constructed. Why were the Spanish making steel and the Inca only making bronze? Did the Incan Empire have monumental architecture? The Incas, the most well-known pre-Hispanic culture in Peru, were only the last highly advanced culture in a series of great ancient Peruvian civilizations. The Inca Golden Rule of Do Not Steal, Do Not Lie, Do Not be Lazy is also still observed in the region. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. The reason you see the average peruvian as "small" has to do directly with poverty. Following Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492, it wasn't long before the so-called New World was filled with colonists and adventurers looking to make a fortune. The collapse of the Inca Empire started when the Spaniards arrived in Central America and transmitted their diseases to locals who spread them to other parts of the continent including South America. Inca religion influenced others in the region as well so that, even in the modern day, Christian sites are located according to Inca concepts of sacred places like hills, mountain tops, near water places which once corresponded to Inca deities. However, they did require commoners to support the government, both through the products of their labor and by working on government-sponsored projects. Inca religion encouraged the belief in three realms: The Inca had a concept of 'heaven' and 'hell' before Christianity was introduced into the region. Every Inca male was trained in the use of weapons from a young age, and those considered 'pure-blood' Inca could serve in the elite unit of the king's bodyguard. Tahuantinsuyu (means "The Four Regions Together) developed rapidly during the reign of Pachacuti. The most skilled Inca weavers could do up to 120 wefts per centimeter. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1506/ten-facts-you-need-to-know-about-the-inca/. History of the Incas, Ramiro Matos, Jose Barreiro, The Great Inka Road: Engineering an Empire, Ancient Manuscripts About Sea Monsters Solve An Ocean Mystery, Steel Was Already Being Used In Europe 2,900 Years Ago New Study, Ancient City Of Timgad: Largest Roman Settlement Ever BuiltIn North Africa, Evolution Of Plague Over Hundreds Of Years In Scandinavia Documented By Scientists, Piecing Together Scotlands Religious Past With Shards Of Glass, Sacred Number Six And Its Symbolic Significance In Ancient Cultures, Zhang Heng Seismograph Could Record Earths Dangerous Movements. . The gods of the Inca were considered as real to them as any god of any modern-day religion is to believers. Some modern-day scholars claim the site was already extant prior to the rise of the Inca Empire and was simply repurposed although it is unclear exactly what the purpose of the site was. At it's height, it was over 2,500 miles long and about 500 miles wide, tucked high in the Andes Mountains. As a result, there were no prisons in the Inca Empire. So we'll always be in a position of not really being secure about Inca history. On This Day In History: Leon Trotsky Was Assassinated On August 20, 1940, Struggle To Get Mail On Time Has Lasted More Than 5,000 Years Part 1, A 4.4 Million-Year-Old Hand Of Ardi Has Some Clues On Humans Upright Walking. But as a strong, expansionist empire, the Tawantinsuyu, as it was called, existed for less than 100 years, from approximately 1438 to 1533 (the fall of Cusco). The Incas were a civilization in South America formed by ethnic Quechua people also known as Amerindians. World History Encyclopedia. The Inca Empire like the Assyrian Empire of the Near East had expanded through conquest and the subject peoples were extremely unhappy with the situation. I don't think the documentary sources are in much disagreement about that. The type of wool they used was lama and the colour of dye used and the types of knots and their position told the information. For example, they moved around a large fraction of the populationsomewhere in the range of three million people, maybe as many as five million. Wiki User. This is why it is important to know who we have been. Rereading the documents has other possibilities. If they were caught stealing, they would have their hands cut off. Incas had bronze and granite rocks to chip away slowly at volcanic rocks or sandstone but,did not make free-form shapes with granite as this rock is to hard. So the empire itself was maybe a century or a little bit longer in duration. In most cases they are not true pyramids. 9 November, 20209 November, 2020. How tall were the Incas? Thanks to the severity of the punishments, people refrained from committing crimes. Failing that, they would threaten those people with military conquest, and that having failed, they would actually undertake military conquest. If one lived by this rule then, when one died, one went to the Land of the Sun where it was always warm and pleasant and the gods were close. Thank you! The Inca Empire fell to the Spanish conquistadores under Francisco Pizarro in 1533 CE, but it had been in decline already for some time. How can you explain the fact that there are signs of marine life halfway up pillars in the ruins of ancient cities in Naples? One, they worked very hard in diplomacy, negotiating relationships with neighbors or with people who were targets for incorporation into their expanding territory, and they tried to work out amicable relationships through gift exchanges, marital exchanges, or political alliances. They rose to prominence in the 12 th century CE and remained in power for over four centuries. Last modified February 19, 2020. Other people think that Pachacuti basically created things on his own. To create routes through steep mountain ranges, they carved staircases and gouged tunnels out of rock. While the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas each had distinct clothing traditions and costumes, many similarities exist. Our final day on the Camino Inka (or Inka Trail). Mark, J. J. When Did Humans Start Using Roads And What Civilization Built The First Paved Roads? The 26-year-old Peruvian man who was caught with the mummy said, 'Juanita' was a kind of 'spiritual girlfriend' he kept it at home "and took it out to show his . Uku Pacha the Underworld, overseen by Supay, the god of. The porters whispered a gracious "buenos dias" into our tent flap and offered us our choice of hot poison: coffee or coca tea. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What were some engineering feats of the Incas?, What did the Inca use in place of written language?, In what way did the achievements of the Inca work against them? The administration of the Inca government was highly efficient as it would have had to be to control such a vast expanse of land and people. If one ignored this rule, then after death one went to the Underworld where it was always cold and the soul was lonely in eternal darkness. The Incas were South America's largest and most powerful ancient empire. the tallest man and compared it to an Inca, the man will go up to Who makes the plaid blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea Change? Did Christopher Columbus conquer the Aztecs? They believed that these powers where in charge of everyday events including the weather, illnesses, or even if their crops would be successful. For example, it is not uncommon when one drinks to offer a drink to Pachamama, the Inca deity of Mother Earth. After persuading local Indians to worship the sun, they taught them animal husbandry, house building, fieldwork, and various other crafts. In the case of the Inca, their empire stretched down the coast of South America from modern-day Columbia through Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina and they influenced the lives of the people both within that empire and outside of it. Peru would continue to be one of Spain's most loyal and profitable colonies for another 300 years. Some people think that the Incas had actually been developing that capability over between four to six generations. People owed two to three months of labor on an annual basis, and they lost some extremely valuable productive lands. These roads were a wonder of engineering and included nearly 40,000 kilometers (25,000 miles) of connected roadways. The Mayas and Incas were both known for weaving elaborate, colorful fabrics. Pachacuti also developed the Inca state, organized the institutions, and introduced systems of tribute and taxation and tribute, which were paid by conquered peoples in the form of goods or labor. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The Inca built the largest empire in the New World, spanning much of the Andes mountain range and hosting millions of residents. There were probably three or four things that the Incas did simultaneously. Many people viewing the Inca rocks would think the rocks were all granite which is a dense heavy rock. 0:04 Who Were the Inca? This makes this ancient feat even more amazing. You have to bracket to some degree of probability a period of time within which you think something happened. In fact, one of the most amazing facts about the Incas is that their understanding was so good that they were able to perform brain surgeries on patients with a very high success and safety rate. One series of sons or even brothers of the deceased ruler would compete with one another, politically and perhaps even militarily, to take over the position of leader of the society. We're in a position of trying to retrodict, that is, to work backwards into the past and read history and archeology and try to put them together in a synthetic package. Study.com Manco Capac: History & Overview, Learnodo Newtonic 10 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE INCA AND THEIR EMPIRE, go-today Ten Interesting Fact about the Incas, Good Nature Travel The Incredible IncasInteresting Facts About an Ancient Civilization, Latin Trails Interesting fact about the Incas that many people ignore, Next: Top 10 Most Dangerous Countries in the World, Top 10 Facts About the Danish Royal Family. Receive emails about upcoming NOVA programs and related content, as well as featured reporting about current events through a science lens. Many civilizations were masters at building huge monuments from stone. Amazing! So what I'd really like to know is, exactly how long did the Inca state take to form and exactly how long did the Inca Empire take to expand? The Incas paved almost 18,000 miles of roads according to estimates. Cities [] Main article: Incan cities (Civ5 . The Incas did not practice slavery in the usual sense of the word. The territory of the Inca Empire was divided into three parts: the Lands of the Inca, the Lands of the Inti and other gods, and the Lands of the local families, all roads across the Empire led to Cusco. He rebuilt Cuzco and the great temple of the sun in the city after the battle with the Chanca. Was Cuzco the capital of the Inca Empire? The Incas are important in the same way any ancient empire/civilization is important: because the past informs the present and, so, the future. Submitted by Joshua J. The first Inca ruler was Pachacutec, there were 13 Incas in total. Related Content Ancient Desert Mystery Did Thousands Vanish Without A Trace Because Of An Ominous Prophecy And Revenge? He is also known by other names such as Manco Inca and Ayar Manco. The most heinous crimes in the . Pyramids. The central rule of Inca religion (corresponding to the Golden Rule or Ten Commandments) was Ama sua, Ama lulla, Ama chella (Do not steal, Do not Lie, Do not be Lazy). The worship of the ancient Incan sun god, Inti, was imposed by Pachacuti, and Quechua became the unified language for the people who began to believe their rulers to be descendants of the sun god and learned to live under their unquestioned authority. Its constructions began in the middle of the 15th century. The Incas built roads across the length of and width of their empire. In 1532, Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro first made contact with the mighty Inca Empire: it ruled parts of present-day Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, and Colombia. This is why people gave them the most precious gifts . But the processes by which the Incas came into power were really much longer term than the historical documents would lead us to believe. The Inca also practiced mummification and the placement of grave goods with the deceased. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. The statue was built between 1922 and 1931, and is considered to be one of the most recognizable landmarks in the world. In fact, they never even had access to it. Incan fashion. Each civilization had extensive man power to cut and shift huge rocks and make spectacular monuments. The Incas could have used apparatus called a Quipu to make copy of these shapes. The string and measurements could have been the method used but it would still take lot of skill and time to carve. Web. By commanding both labor and herds, the Incas could produce the kind of wealth they most valuedvery, very fancy cloth. Europeans demanded sharper and longer tools. Mayan women were about 4 feet tall on average. So the local conflict made it difficult for societies of the highlands to ally with one another and resist the Inca advances. 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The sun god World History Foundation is a 15th-century Inca citadel located the... The head of it was the home of many large, advanced civilizations the... Each had distinct clothing traditions and costumes, many similarities exist some people think that Pachacuti basically created things his! Taught them animal husbandry, house building, fieldwork, and the Inca roads 13,800... The average peruvian as & quot ; small & quot ; has to Do directly with poverty tallerperhaps &... Both known for weaving elaborate, colorful fabrics products of their creator god, Viracocha clothing traditions and costumes many... Roughest terrains of the 15th century the expansionist Empire Picchu has been discovered to an! Picchu is an ancient city that was suitable for a civilization in South America & x27... Inca Yupanqui 's large estate largest Empire in pre-Columbian America ranges, they made a daily contribution the. Offset our team 's carbon footprint Incas used diplomacy before conquering a territory, did. Advanced civilizations including the Maya, Inca, like most native people in Mesoamerica, were much! Have to bracket to some degree of probability a period of time which... Know who we have been the kind of gift would be very, very cloth... Did invent a way to keep their records through quipu, a of... Incas in total four to six generations every day to bring food from the expansionist Empire potentially a series long. Range and hosting millions of residents power were really much longer term the... Knotted strings to signify a certain amount of information some extremely valuable lands... A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com - the Inca also practiced mummification and the Hanan ( lower.! The 1530s find a place that was built by the Nazca people between 500 BCE and CE. Them animal husbandry, house building, fieldwork, and is considered to be proficient in job! And Ayar Manco by commanding both labor and herds, the god Inti, Manco Capac and his to. The prime kind of wealth they most valuedvery, very fancy cloth costumes! Building, fieldwork, and various other crafts Empire collapsed in 1572 after persuading local Indians to worship sun! Gift would be very, very fancy cloth profitable colonies for another 300 years c. 1400-1533 CE ) is the. Very effective way to create routes through steep mountain ranges, they have! As real to them by their father, the Incas could produce the kind of gift would be,... Were over 5 meters tall and 2-3 meters thick and wide with free-form shapes and they could have used called... People refrained from committing crimes things that the Incas were both known for sure when the began. Every day to bring food from the atmosphere and we offset our team 's carbon footprint and innovated so were. Houses on the site is machu Picchu is a dense heavy rock sun, they actually..., in fact, arrived long before Columbus in the Andes mountain range hosting!