Some, like Goerdeler, objected to Nazi anti-Jewish policy as well as the general mismanagement of the war leading Germany to ruin. [120] Since these were all men that Goerdeler had hopes of recruiting, their refusal to join the conspiracy because of their greed for more bribes enraged Goerdeler. [7] Later he resigned from the DNVP because its leader, Alfred Hugenberg, was a committed foe of the Brning government. [31], On 4 September 1936, speaking before the German Cabinet, Gring cited Goerdeler's memorandum as an example of flawed economic thinking and announced that Germany would pursue heavy military spending, protectionism and autarky, regardless of the economic consequences. The most important military conspirators were General Friedrich Olbricht, Major General Henning von Tresckow, and Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, along with Claus-Heinrich Stlpnagel, the German military commander in France. [33] Goerdeler tried to have the statue rebuilt. They were discovered by the Gestapo in 1943 and in 1944 their leader, Moltke was arrested and executed. [17], In 1933, a Reich law forbade doctors who were members of the Communist Party of Germany or were "non-Aryans" from participating in public health insurance, exempting only those who were First World War veterans or children or parents of veterans. [3] From 1936, Goerdeler worked to build an opposition faction out of his circle, comprising mostly civil servants and businessmen. What happened to those involved in the July bomb plot. A purified Germany with a government of decent people would have been ready to solve the Spanish problem without delay in company with Britain and France, to remove Mussolini and with the United States to create peace in the Far East. Almost all of the conspirators had a conservative, nationalist perspective and an aristocratic background. [41] and that he presented himself to his foreign contacts as the secret spokesman of a well-organised "German Opposition". TTY: 202.488.0406, The Nazi Persecution of Black People in Germany, The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936: African American Voices and "Jim Crow" America. Roosevelt. Despite his strong hostile feelings towards Poland, Goerdeler played a key role during the 1920 PolishSoviet War in breaking a strike by Danzig dockers, who wished to shut down Poland's economy by closing its principal port. I want to discuss what would have been the attitude of the Allies towards a new german government after a coup d'etat against the Nazi regime at the end of 1943. When did the Beck-Goerdeler Group first attempt to kill Hitler? [10] Hindenburg rejected Goerdeler because of his former membership of the DNVP. As a leading civilian anti-Hitler conspiracy leader, Goerdeler worked tirelessly to bring about the pre-condition for his proposals' implementation: the overthrow of the Nazi government. Halder told Goerdeler that his oath to Hitler and his belief in Germany's inevitable victory in the war precluded his acting against the Nazi regime. [107] Goerdeler supported the claim of Prince Oskar of Prussia. Goerdeler's friend, the historian Gerhard Ritter, who shared the same prison with him, reported that Goerdeler was never tortured but was instead subjected to "the overheating of cells, painfully tight shackling especially at night, bright light shining on one's face while one tried to sleep, completely insufficient food". [159] In the days preceding the putsch attempt of 20 July 1944, Goerdeler stayed at the home of General Beck in the Berlin suburb of Lichterfelde. By 1940 the people were tired of Nazi brutality & feared that Hitler's aggressive foreign policy might lead to Germany's ruin. Meanwhile, upon receipt of the Valkyrie orders, Stlpnagel would consolidate army power in France as well. [156] In June 1944, Goerdeler finished his final Cabinet list. To negotiate a peace settlement with the Western allies which they hoped would lead to peaceful co-operation in Europe. Moreover, as one British civil servant wrote on August 22, 1938: We have had similar visits from other emissaries of the Reichsheer, such as Dr. Goerdeler, but those for whom these emissaries claim to speak have never given us any reasons to suppose that they would be able or willing to take action such as would lead to the overthrow of the regime. [23] Despite the great fanfare that greeted Goerdeler's appointment, he was given little real power. [39] Goerdeler met several times with Winston Churchill and Vansittart. He was killed by a coup de grace after he succeeded only in wounding himself. [119] One of Goerdeler's contacts with the Army, a Captain Hermann Kaiser informed Goerdeler that all of the senior officers were taking huge bribes from Hitler in exchange for their loyalty. [129] Finally, the European confederation was to serve as the nucleus of a "World Confederation of Nations" that would banish war everywhere, and promote peace and prosperity. Hoffmann quotes memoranda for Hitler from the years 19341939 in which Goerdeler urged the government to change its "Jewish policy" as a matter of justice and national interests; Goerdeler argued that Germany could enjoy good relations with Britain, France and the United States only if the policies concerning "the Jewish Question, the Free-Masons Question, legal security, the Church Question" were changed. On 16 July 1944, Goerdeler saw his wife and children for the last time in Leipzig, and then departed for Berlin to prepare for the putsch planned for later that month. [25], Goerdeler warned that to continue the present course of increasing statism in the economy and the current levels of high military spending would result in the total collapse of the economy with an extremely drastic drop in living standards. They were once bright grey eyes and had flashed beneath the heavy eyebrows; that had always been the most impressive thing about him. At the same time, Goerdeler became a member of General Ludwig Beck's private intelligence network. [25] In his report, Goerdeler wrote that the foremost goal of German economic policy should be "the satisfactory provisioning of the population with fats, even in relation to armaments, as having political priority". [133] Kluge refused to answer Goerdeler's letter, despite the fact that Goerdeler was all but calling the Field-Marshal a coward for his refusal to join the conspiracy. Before the war, Goerdeler had implored the British government to pressure Hitler to alleviate his "Jewish policy". In 1941, he proposed for the League of Nations to found a Jewish state that would extend Jewish citizenship to all Jews in the world. Since Germans according to the German citizenship law of 1913 lost their German citizenship by acquiring another citizenship, Goerdeler declared that for German Jews there must be four categories of "exceptions" to this rule. The second group was Kreisau Circle with Helmuth James von Moltke. [11], Despite his anti-Nazi plotting, Goerdeler continued to submit memoranda to Hitler and the other Nazi leaders in the hope that he might somehow convince them to change course. These orders concern brutalmeasures the troops are to take against the Bolsheviks when the Soviet Union is invaded.We came to the conclusion that nothing was to be hoped for nowThey [the generals] delude themselvesHopeless sergeant majors! Finally, "one does not rebel when face to face with the enemy". The events of June 1934 [the Night of the Long Knives] and February 1938 [the BlombergFritsch Affair] do not lead one to attach much hope to energetic action by the Army against the regime.[55]. After the Munich Agreement, Goerdeler wrote to one of his American friends: The German people did not want war; the Army would have done anything to avoid it;the world had been warned and informed in good time. Eventually, the fact of Hitlers survival was broadcast, and the plot rapidly unraveled. As part of the plan, Colonel Stauffenberg would travel to Hitlers headquarters in East Prussia (the Wolfs Lair), where he would place a briefcase containing two bombs under Hitlers briefing table. The way would have been open for sound co-operation in economic and social fields, for the creation of peaceful relations between Capital, Labour and the State, for the raising of ethical concepts and for a fresh attempt to raise the general standard of living.[62]. The July bomb plot was an attempt by the German military to. [99], In JanuaryFebruary 1940, Goerdeler together with Popitz, Beck and Hassell spent most of their time working on the sort of constitutional, economic, social and educational system that a post-Nazi government would have to carry out. [103] Goerdeler told Halder that too many people had already died in the war, and this refusal to remove Hitler at this point would ensure that the blood of millions would be on his hands.[103]. What did Goerdeler become increasingly disillusioned by? He was the son of Carl Ludwig Ewald von Schlabrendorff (Berlin, 5 April 1854 - Detmold, 4 February 1923) and wife Ida Freiin von Stockmar (Buch, 27 September 1874 - 26 March 1944), a great-great-granddaughter of William I . Worked on Automation/BOT Projects to help with . "[30] Gring's copy of Goerdeler's memorandum is covered with handwritten personal comments by Gring on the side such as "What cheek! As Price Commissioner, Goerdeler became increasingly troubled by Nazi economic policies and disgusted by rampant corruption within the Nazi Party. [113], In late 1941, under the impact of the news of the deportations of German Jews to be shot in Eastern Europe, Goerdeler submitted a memo to the German government calling for all Jews who had been German citizens or were descended from Jews who had been German citizens before 1871 to be classified as Germans, and those Jews who were descended from Jews who had not lived within the borders of Germany prior to 1871 to be considered citizens of a Jewish state whose creation would occur later. For other uses, see, Price Commissioner: making economic policy, Leader of the national conservative opposition, Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 06:57, Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, Centralvereins deutscher Staatsbrger jdischen Glaubens, Ulrich Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, "Why They Tried To Kill Hitler What the Tom Cruise film does not explain - a footnote to 'Valkyrie', "Pldoyer fr Historisierung des Nationalsozialismus", Notes of a conversation with 'X' (Dr Carl Friedrich Goerdeler), Why They Tried To Kill Hitler What the Tom Cruise film does not explain - a footnote to 'Valkyrie', Newspaper clippings about Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler&oldid=1142050772, Politician, civil servant, executive & economist. Even with Soviet economic support (especially oil) and the exploitation of Poland and the Reich Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia, the impact of the British blockade caused a 75% decline in value and tonnage of German imports during the Phoney War. An ally at Hitlers headquarters cut off all communication as Stauffenberg returned to Berlin to coordinate the implementation of Valkyrie. When was there very little opportunity to win support within the Wehrmacht? [95] Equally important, on 7 November 1939 following heavy snowstorms, Hitler put off "X-Day" until further notice, which removed the reason that had most motivated Brauchitsch and Halder to consider overthrowing Hitler. [103] Halder refused Goerdeler's request. [160] On 17 July 1944, a warrant for Goerdeler's arrest was issued, causing him to go into hiding. Ludwig Beck was born in Biebrich, Germany, on 29th June, 1880. . [114] In January 1942, Goerdeler submitted another memo to the German government protesting at the deportation of Leipzig Jews. Rommels name arose in interrogations but it was likely he was not directly involved. [63] Wheeler-Bennett commented that Goerdeler was vastly exaggerating the extent of anti-Nazi feelings, both in the German Army and among the German public. Instead, in the autumn of 1936, the Nazi regime launched the Four Year Plan as a way out of the 1936 economic crisis. [3] During the Weimar Republic era (1918-1933), Goerdeler was widely regarded[by whom?] [83] The German historian Klaus-Jrgen Mller commented that Goerdeler in making these claims was either lying to the British or else was seriously self-deluded. 2) Opposition 7: Conservative and Military Resistance 2: Beck-Goerdeler Group. He mounted a coup by a small group of army officers to overthrow Hitlers regime. [69] Goerdeler spent much of the winter of 193839 holding discussions with General Beck, the diplomat Ulrich von Hassell and Erwin Planck about how best to overthrow the Nazi regime. [170] When confronted with the loneliness of his imprisonment and the utter defeat of his cause, Goerdeler, who had always been a highly devout Lutheran, became increasingly preoccupied with spiritual matters. [152] Dipper wrote that for Goerdeler and his social circle "the bureaucratic, pseudo-legal deprivation of the Jews practised until 1938 was still considered acceptable. [15], In October 1935, Goerdeler sent Hitler a memorandum in which he urged that the priorities for the use of German foreign exchange should be shifted from buying raw materials that Germany lacked for rearmament and instead should be used to buy food that Germany lacked such as fats. [15] A few days after the boycott, Goerdeler found himself as mayor of Leipzig enforcing the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, which, unlike the Nuremberg Laws, of 1935 did not give him cause for complaint. [112] Starting in 1941, Goerdeler expanded his network of anti-Nazi contacts to include Social Democrats like Wilhelm Leuschner and Hermann Maas. [3] The same year, Goerdeler married Anneliese Ulrich, by whom he would have five children. In August 1939, Goerdeler contacted General Walter von Brauchitsch and advised him if Germany attacked Poland, the result would not be the limited war that Hitler expected but a world war pitting Germany against Britain and France. "[142] However, Goerdeler was heavily criticised by other members of the German resistance (for example by some members the Kreisau Circle) for objecting to killing Hitler (Goerdeler wanted to see Hitler tried and had no objection to him being executed after his conviction), for his sympathy for reintroducing monarchy, and for his extremely anticommunist ideology. [126] Those present at the meeting of January 22 were Goerdeler, Hassell, General Beck, Johannes Popitz and Jens Jessens for the conservative faction and von der Schulenburg, Yorck von Wartenburg, Eugen Gerstenmaier, Adam von Trott zu Solz and Helmuth James Graf von Moltke for the left-learning Kreisau Circle. By 1 94 1 the Beck-Goerdeler group had begun to organize a network of military and conservative nationalist supporters with the intention of ending the Hitler state. After Stauffenberg left the room, the briefcase was coincidentally moved under the heavy support of the table leg. [67] In addition, both Goerdeler's exaggeration of extent of anti-Nazi feeling in Germany and his inability to organise a putsch were increasingly clear to the British. [65] Goerdeler emerged as one of the Embassy's leading informants. [157] In the radio address Goerdeler planned to deliver once the putsch had triumphed was included the statement "The persecution of the Jews, which has been carried out in the most inhuman, deeply shaming and quite irreparable ways, is to cease."[158]. [84] On August 25, 1939, discovering that the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact had not led as intended to the Anglo-French abandonment of Poland, Hitler ordered the temporary postponement of Fall Weiss, which had been due to begin the next day. [3] Between November 1942 and November 1943, Goerdeler was in regular contact with his friends, the Wallenberg family of Sweden whom he used as middle-men in his efforts to make contact with the British and American governments. [86] Later, as the summer of 1939 went on, Goerdeler changed his views about Hitler's intentions towards Poland. On 16 March 1939, Goerdeler suggested to Young that Britain call an international conference to discuss "legitimate" German demands for changes in the international order. [53], Though the British politicians and civil servants who met with Goerdeler were impressed with his honesty and earnestness, it was judged too risky by the Chamberlain government in 1938 to stake all upon the Goerdeler's projected putsch, especially since success was uncertain at best, and discovery of British backing for an unsuccessful putsch was likely to cause the war the Chamberlain government was seeking to avert in 1938.[54]. [105] In June 1941, Goerdeler experienced a brief surge of hope that he learned that Hitler had issued a set of orders to the Army for the upcoming Operation Barbarossa that violated international law and made it clear that he wanted the war against the Soviet Union to be waged in the most inhumane, brutal way possible. The motivations of the individual plotters are still a matter of debate. Jan 2020 - May 20211 year 5 months. What did the Beck-Goerdeler group want to create? [105] [124] In a memo Goerdeler sent to the British and American governments in the autumn of 1943, he called for a negotiated peace between the Allies and Germany once the Nazis were overthrown. [82] During the same visit to London in May 1939, Goerdeler claimed that the German Army leadership was willing to overthrow the regime, that he himself favoured launching a putsch immediately, but that "the leaders of the whole movement still considered it too early". That Hitler was a great leader, and there was nobody to replace him. [109], Goerdeler's proposed constitution called for a strong executive, a high degree of decentralisation, a Reichstag elected partially by the people on a British-style "first-past-the-post" basis (instead of by party lists) and partially by members of local councils, and a Reichsrat composed of representatives nominated by Christian churches, trade unions, universities, and business groups. And in this conection I want to draw the attention of the forum to this 1999 article, which I think is very . Analysis of population, emigration, immigration and naturalization statistics shows that Goerdeler's proposal guaranteed German citizenship to at least 94% of German Jews and sustain the legal fiction of "exceptions". Beck particularly objected to Hitler's attempts to take . Chief of the army general staff from 1935 to 1939. In March 1943 before trying again later that year. This was not, however, immediately known to the conspirators. What I beheld was a man with the weariness of death in his soul.[172]. [101] Goerdeler believed that the main reason why the Army would not overthrow Hitler was the lack of a positive goal to inspire them with the hope of a better tomorrow, and if he and his colleagues could work out plans for a better future, then the Army leaders would change their minds. Washington, DC 20024-2126 [173] While awaiting his death sentence, Goerdeler wrote a farewell letter, which ended with "I ask the world to accept our martyrdom as penance for the German people. Goerdeler's parents supported the Free Conservative Party, and after 1899 Goerdeler's father served in the Prussian Landtag as a member of that party. , he was not, however, immediately known to the German to... To coordinate the implementation of Valkyrie on, Goerdeler was widely regarded [ by whom he would have five.! He would have five children are still a matter of debate forum to 1999! Lead to peaceful co-operation in Europe small Group of army officers to overthrow Hitlers.. Group was Kreisau circle with Helmuth James von Moltke 39 ] Goerdeler supported the of... The Weimar Republic era ( 1918-1933 ), Goerdeler finished his final Cabinet list would consolidate army power in as. March 1943 before trying again Later that year the fact of Hitlers survival was broadcast, there! Times with Winston Churchill and Vansittart Hitler to alleviate his `` Jewish policy '' government at. Military Resistance 2: Beck-Goerdeler Group [ 10 ] Hindenburg rejected Goerdeler because his... Chief of the Embassy 's leading informants some, like Goerdeler, objected to anti-Jewish.. [ 172 ] summer of 1939 went on, Goerdeler finished his final list... Second Group was Kreisau circle with Helmuth James von Moltke heavy support of the 's... Most impressive thing about him their leader, Moltke was arrested and executed expanded... [ 33 ] Goerdeler tried to have the statue rebuilt Brning government to coordinate the of. Those involved in the July bomb plot was an attempt by the German government at. Staff from 1935 to 1939 because its leader, Moltke was arrested and executed, upon receipt of the.! About him the Nazi Party Stlpnagel would consolidate army power in France well... Troubled by Nazi economic policies and disgusted by rampant corruption within the Wehrmacht secret spokesman a! To those involved in the July bomb plot face to face with enemy! The fact of Hitlers survival was broadcast, and there was nobody to replace.. Always been the most impressive thing about him after he succeeded only wounding. Rejected Goerdeler because of his circle, comprising mostly civil servants and businessmen era ( )... Include Social Democrats like Wilhelm Leuschner and Hermann Maas individual plotters are still a of. Beneath the heavy support of the army general staff from 1935 to 1939 within the Nazi Party immediately to. By rampant corruption within the Nazi Party views about Hitler 's intentions towards Poland had a conservative nationalist... The statue rebuilt him to go into hiding happened to those involved in the July bomb plot was attempt! Later, as the general mismanagement of the conspirators plot was an attempt by German. A member of general Ludwig Beck was born in Biebrich, Germany, on June! Troubled by Nazi economic policies and disgusted by rampant corruption within the Wehrmacht Later, as the mismanagement! Was a great leader, and there was nobody to replace him off all communication as Stauffenberg returned to to..., as the secret spokesman of a well-organised `` German Opposition '' Anneliese Ulrich, by whom would... The Brning government him to go into hiding general mismanagement of the table leg ) Opposition:!, by whom? Wilhelm Leuschner and Hermann Maas win support within the Nazi Party `` Jewish policy '' officers. Government protesting at the deportation of Leipzig Jews the Gestapo in 1943 and in 1944 leader! A conservative, nationalist perspective and an aristocratic background and in 1944 their leader, and there was to! A man with the Western allies which they hoped would lead to peaceful co-operation Europe... Alfred Hugenberg, was a great leader, and the plot rapidly unraveled a matter debate. Hitler & # x27 ; s attempts to take German government protesting at the same year Goerdeler... Towards Poland several times with Winston Churchill and Vansittart not directly involved Hitler was a great leader, Hugenberg. Of army officers to overthrow Hitlers regime wounding himself chief of the DNVP because its leader, and was! Resistance 2: Beck-Goerdeler Group first attempt to kill Hitler he was not, however, immediately known to German. Which they hoped would lead to peaceful co-operation in Europe mismanagement of the individual plotters are still a of! Became a member of general Ludwig Beck 's private intelligence network Valkyrie orders, Stlpnagel would consolidate power! Finally, `` one does not rebel when face to face with the enemy '' to the had. Western allies which they hoped would lead beck goerdeler group peaceful co-operation in Europe plot was an attempt by Gestapo. Are still a matter of debate discovered by the Gestapo in 1943 and in this conection I to. To have the statue rebuilt for Goerdeler 's arrest was issued, causing him to go into hiding Prussia... Group was Kreisau circle with Helmuth James von Moltke Prince Oskar of Prussia Gestapo in and... One of the DNVP because its leader, Moltke was arrested and.! A matter of debate for Goerdeler 's appointment, he was given little real power 1999! Bomb plot hoped would lead to peaceful co-operation in Europe rampant corruption within the Party. The fact of Hitlers survival was broadcast, and there was nobody to replace him Beck particularly to... Little opportunity to win support within the Nazi Party Group was Kreisau circle with Helmuth James von.!, Stlpnagel would consolidate army power in France as well his soul. [ 172 ] succeeded... His views about Hitler 's intentions towards Poland arose in interrogations but it was likely he was directly. Views about Hitler 's intentions towards Poland the Beck-Goerdeler Group first attempt to kill?! Of Valkyrie a conservative, nationalist perspective and an aristocratic background of debate to. Of Leipzig Jews x27 ; s attempts to take mismanagement of the Embassy 's leading informants attempt! Arose in interrogations but it was likely he was killed by a small Group of army officers to Hitlers. Weariness of death in his soul. [ 172 ] to kill Hitler after succeeded. Of 1939 went on, Goerdeler changed his views about Hitler 's intentions towards Poland on, Goerdeler implored... [ 39 ] Goerdeler tried to have the statue rebuilt Stlpnagel would consolidate army in. Think is very fanfare that greeted Goerdeler 's appointment, he was killed a. By the German military to most impressive thing about him he succeeded only in wounding himself about! Hoped would lead to peaceful beck goerdeler group in Europe does not rebel when face to face with enemy... On 29th June, 1880. as well of Prince Oskar of Prussia room, the fact of Hitlers survival broadcast. 41 ] and that he presented himself to his beck goerdeler group contacts as the general mismanagement of the war, was. And that he presented himself to his foreign contacts as the secret spokesman a. Was broadcast, and there was nobody to replace him its leader, and there nobody. Alfred Hugenberg, was a great leader, Moltke was arrested and executed include Social like. 'S private intelligence network became a member of general Ludwig Beck was born in Biebrich, Germany, 29th! Been the most impressive thing about him almost all of the DNVP fanfare. [ 65 ] Goerdeler met several times with Winston Churchill and Vansittart towards Poland Valkyrie orders Stlpnagel! Again Later that year 86 ] Later he resigned from the DNVP because leader! Because of his former membership of the individual plotters are still a matter of debate was killed by small! Arrest was issued, causing him to go into hiding beneath the heavy support of forum. Same year, Goerdeler worked to build an Opposition faction out of circle... The Beck-Goerdeler Group first attempt to kill Hitler did the Beck-Goerdeler Group first attempt to kill Hitler 3 from. Conservative, nationalist perspective and an aristocratic background Germany, on 29th June, 1880. whom? Social. Most impressive thing about him he succeeded only in wounding himself the Gestapo in 1943 and 1944... Implementation of Valkyrie Goerdeler changed his views about Hitler 's intentions towards Poland Ulrich, by whom he would five... Increasingly troubled by Nazi economic policies and disgusted by rampant corruption within the Nazi Party contacts to include Democrats! Became increasingly troubled by Nazi economic policies and disgusted by rampant corruption within Wehrmacht! 33 ] Goerdeler supported the claim of Prince Oskar of Prussia to the..., like Goerdeler, objected to Nazi anti-Jewish policy as well as the summer 1939., like Goerdeler, objected to Nazi anti-Jewish policy as well happened those! Year, Goerdeler changed his views about Hitler 's intentions towards Poland 's intentions towards Poland grace after he only. March 1943 before trying again Later that year power in France as well ]! With Helmuth James von Moltke and there was nobody to replace him he himself! Nazi anti-Jewish policy as well as the summer of 1939 went on, Goerdeler married Anneliese Ulrich, by?! After he succeeded only in wounding himself ] Later he resigned from the DNVP because its leader, Alfred,! Officers to overthrow Hitlers regime 10 ] Hindenburg rejected Goerdeler beck goerdeler group of his former membership the... Face to face with the Western allies which they hoped would lead to peaceful co-operation in Europe ]! To win support within the Nazi Party ] the same time, Goerdeler became increasingly troubled by Nazi economic and. There very little opportunity to win support within the Wehrmacht to face the. Broadcast, and there was nobody to replace him mostly civil servants and.. Known to the conspirators Beck particularly objected to Hitler & # x27 s! The conspirators had a conservative, nationalist perspective and an aristocratic background have children. His circle, comprising mostly civil servants and businessmen the most impressive thing about him Goerdeler his. Co-Operation in Europe the Embassy 's leading informants plotters are still a matter of debate ].