Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. [123] Approximately 77% of Lao farm households are self-sufficient in rice. Calculating U.S. [78] Of those Hmong who did return to Laos, some quickly escaped back to Thailand, describing discrimination and brutal treatment at the hands of Lao authorities. Vientiane is the largest city with an area of 3,920km and the most populous in Laos with a population of 562,244. Laos is a part of the Southeast Asian region. [84] Following threats of forcible removal by the Thai government, the United States, in a significant victory for the Hmong, agreed to accept 15,000 of the refugees in 2003. Besides, this place is also considered a library containing many ancient books written by hand on palm leaves. A man who lost land and property to the Laos-China railway project near the capital said he has yet to receive any promised money. The first bullet train to serve the high-speed Laos-China railway sits in a rail station in the Lao capital Vientiane, Oct. 16, 2021. Over the years, Vientiane has experienced civil wars, internal conflicts, and agitations which ultimately led to the freedom of Laos from French rule, and then from monarchial rule in 1975. [70] Laos was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in July 1997 and acceded to the World Trade Organization in 2016. The mining industry of Laos has received prominent attention with foreign direct investments. [109], Laos and Vietnamese (SRV) troops were reported to have raped and killed four Christian Hmong women in Xiangkhouang Province in 2011, according to the US-based non-governmental public policy research organisation The Centre for Public Policy Analysis, which also said other Christian and independent Buddhist and animist believers were being persecuted. [45] The Japanese attempted to force Sisavang Vong (the King of Luang Phrabang) to declare Laotian independence, but on 8 April he instead simply declared an end to Laos's status as a French protectorate. The Lao Securities Exchange (LSX) began operations in 2011 with two stocks listed, both state-owned - the Banque Pour l'CommerceExterieur (BCEL), and the power generation arm of . [53] In 1979, there were 50,000 PAVN troops stationed in Laos and as many as 6,000 civilian Vietnamese officials including 1,000 directly attached to the ministries in Vientiane. Built on three levels, it symbolises the ascent from earth to heaven. ", Barclay, Adam and Shrestha, Samjhana (AprilJune 2006). Laos is simply one of those places that will capture your heart for years to come. Major religion Buddhism. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. It is bordered by Myanmar (used to be known in English as "Burma") and by China to the northwest, by Vietnam to the east, by Cambodia to the south and by . [119] The economy receives development aid from the International Monetary Fund, Asian Development Bank, and other international sources; and also foreign direct investment for development of the society, industry, hydropower and mining (most notably of copper and gold). [46], Male life expectancy at birth was at 62.6 years and female life expectancy was at 66.7 years in 2017. Patuxay Vientiane Laos, Sunrise in morning at at Patuxai. [141] Laos's predominantly rural[142] population makes investing in sanitation difficult. [citation needed], On 2 December 1975, after taking control of the country, the Pathet Lao government under Kaysone Phomvihane renamed the country as the Lao People's Democratic Republic and signed agreements giving Vietnam the right to station armed forces and to appoint advisers to assist in overseeing the country. The national basketball team competed at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games where it beat Myanmar in the eighth place game.[185]. [47][52] Laos was requested in 1979 by Vietnam to end relations with the People's Republic of China, leading to isolation in trade by China, the United States, and other countries. In 1950, the French were forced to give Laos semi-autonomy as an "associated state" within the French Union. The train arrived at the brand new Vientiane Capital Station, the largest and most important station of the line . Between 20,000 and 62,000 Laotians died during the civil war. French is used in government and commerce, and Laos is a member of the French-speaking organisation of La Francophonie. According to the World Bank data conducted in 2014, Laos has met the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets on water and sanitation regarding the UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme. Many elements of Lao culture predate Buddhism. All things considered, it . He encouraged a renaissance of Lao fine arts and literature and improved relations with Luang Phrabang. The capital of Laos is Vientiane, which was founded 13th century. President Biden committed the United States to be the world's arsenal . The National University of Laos, one of the country's three universities, is located in Vientiane. [90][91][92][93] The Thai foreign ministry has said that it will halt deportation of Hmong refugees held in Detention Centres in Nong Khai, while talks are underway to resettle them in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands and the United States. [81] Debate on the issue escalated quickly. Laos is thus the 22nd biggest country in Asia and in terms of area ranked 84th worldwide. Political power is centralized in the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. Lao PDR: How to Attract More Investment in Small-Scale Renewable Energy? [13] After a period of internal conflict, Lan Xang broke into three separate kingdoms: Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak. Mountain/hill tribes of mixed ethno/cultural-linguistic heritage are found in northern Laos, which include the Lua and Khmu people who are indigenous to Laos. . The close ties between Laos and Vietnam were formalised via a treaty signed in 1977, which has since provided direction for Lao foreign policy, and provides the basis for Vietnamese involvement at all levels of Lao political and economic life. [43], During World War II in Laos, Vichy France, Thailand, Imperial Japan and Free France occupied Laos. [155], The adult literacy rate for women in 2017 was 62.9%; for adult men, 78.1%. (Lao: , pronounced Loo-ang pah-bang and also spelled Louangphrabang, is the former capital of Laos and a UNESCO World Heritage city. [89], The European Union,[90] UNHCHR, and international groups have since spoken out about the forced repatriation. [30] He made Theravada Buddhism the state religion, and Lan Xang prospered. [176][177], Polygamy is officially a crime in Laos, though the penalty is minor. [155] Government expenditure on health is about four percent of GDP,[155] about US$18 (PPP) in 2006. However, the latter is considered pejorative, meaning 'slave'. The city's central river port location in a country relying heavily on its rivers for transportation and its surrounding hinterland of intensive rice cultivation have made Vientiane the major economic centre of Laos. As a low-income country, Laos faces a brain-drain problem as many educated people migrate to developed countries. The constitution and Family Code bar the legal recognition of polygamous marriages, stipulating that monogamy is the principal form of marriage in the country. The capital is Vientiane (Lao: Viangchan), located on the Mekong River in the northern portion of the country. In a 23 October 1995 National Review article, Michael Johns, the former Heritage Foundation foreign policy expert and Republican White House aide, labelled the Hmong's repatriation a Clinton administration "betrayal", describing the Hmong as a people "who have spilled their blood in defense of American geopolitical interests". The stated policy objectives of both the Lao government and international donors remain focused upon achieving sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. According to linguistic and other historical evidence, Tai-speaking tribes migrated southwestward to the modern territories of Laos and Thailand from Guangxi sometime between the 8th and 10th centuries. Find professional Laos Capital videos and stock footage available for license in film, television, advertising and corporate uses. The organisation estimates that there are 173,800 French speakers in Laos (2010 est.). [110][111], Human rights advocates including Vang Pobzeb, Kerry and Kay Danes, and others have also raised concerns about human rights violations, torture, the arrest and detention of political prisoners as well as the detention of foreign prisoners in Laos including at the infamous Phonthong Prison in Vientiane. The most popular place to visit in Laos, Luang Prabang is an historic city that once served as the capital of the Kingdom of Laos. Currently unexploded ordnance (UXO), including cluster munitions and mines, kill or maim approximately 50 Laotians every year. In 1899, Vientiane became the capital of the French protectorate of Laos, which ensured further development in the city. Cities []. [50], In 1975 the Pathet Lao overthrew the royalist government, forcing King Savang Vatthana to abdicate on 2 December 1975. Nearly three-quarters of Laos is covered in mountains and forested hills that are too steep to live on. This sector has made significant contributions to the economic condition of Laos. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [87], Lending further support to earlier claims that the government of Laos was persecuting the Hmong, filmmaker Rebecca Sommer documented first-hand accounts in her documentary, Hunted Like Animals,[88] and in a comprehensive report that includes summaries of refugee claims and was submitted to the UN in May 2006. Wat Sisaket, Luang, and Phra Keo are the three most . Laos produced tin, rubber, and coffee, but never accounted for more than one percent of French Indochina's exports. [66][67] The incumbent head of government is Prime Minister Sonexay Siphandone. [47][46], In 1968, the PAVN launched a multi-division attack to help the Pathet Lao fight the RLA. Some Vietnamese, Laotian Chinese[148] and Thai minorities remain, particularly in the towns, but many left after independence in the late 1940s, many of whom relocated either to Vietnam, Hong Kong, or to France. The revised constitution of 11 May 1957 omitted reference to the French Union, though close educational, health and technical ties with the former colonial power persisted. Vientiane was a Khmer (remember Cambodia?) At the heart of the Indochinese Peninsula, Laos is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and southwest. [130] According to the Global Hunger Index (2018), Laos ranks as the 36th hungriest nation in the world out of the list of the 52 nations with the worst hunger situation(s). Compared to the hectic, bustling capitals in other South . Pathet Lao held areas used Lao as their sole language and following the end of the Vietnam War, French began its sharp decline in Laos. Choose our custom designed, flexible and unique Laos Tour Packages. Overall, the country extends about 650 miles (1,050 km) from northwest to southeast. Hanoi shares experience with Lao NA delegation. [102][103], However, the government of Laos frequently breaches its own constitution and the rule of law, since the judiciary and judges are appointed by the ruling communist party. Laos is divided into 17 provinces (khoueng) and one prefecture (kampheng nakhon), which includes the capital city Vientiane (Nakhon Louang Viangchan). [165] The 2017 documentary feature film Blood Road was predominantly shot and produced in Laos with assistance from the Lao government, it was recognised with a News and Documentary Emmy Award in 2018. [96][97] In The Economist's Democracy Index 2016 Laos was classified as an "authoritarian regime", ranking lowest of the nine ASEAN nations included in the study. The khaen traditionally accompanied the singer in mor lam, the dominant style of folk music. Laos locked down its capital and closed its international borders to most traffic Thursday after identifying a COVID-19 cluster connected to its bigger neighbor Thailand. [182] Its national football team is a member of the Asian Football Confederation and of the ASEAN Football Federation. [178] Polygamy, however, is still customary among some Hmong people. 4 min. In response, the United States initiated a bombing campaign against the PAVN positions, supported regular and irregular anti-communist forces in Laos, and supported Army of the Republic of Vietnam incursions into Laos. Located on the banks of the Mekong River, Vientiane is a city steeped in legend and history. He has been General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, a position making him the de facto leader of Laos, since January 2021. Trc , FPT Capital ng k bn 1 triu c phiu TPB tng ng 0,063% vn iu l ngn hng. settlement scattered around a Hindu temple. Of the many beautiful Wats in Vientiane, a visit to Wat Sisaket is a must; built in 1818, this is one of the oldest temples in Vientiane. [47][46], The First Indochina War took place across French Indochina and eventually led to French defeat and the signing of a peace accord for Laos at the Geneva Conference of 1954. Other Hmong fighters hid out in mountains in Xiangkhouang Province for many years, with a remnant emerging from the jungle in 2003. However, only slightly more than half of the population speaks Lao natively. Buddha park in Vientiane, Laos. 3, "Through Chaos to a New Order", in, Sanda Simms, ch. The Lao National Tourism Administration, related government agencies and the private sector are working together to realise the vision put forth in the country's National Ecotourism Strategy and Action Plan. This includes decreasing the environmental and cultural impact of tourism; increasing awareness in the importance of ethnic groups and biological diversity; providing a source of income to conserve, sustain and manage the Lao protected area network and cultural heritage sites; and emphasizing the need for tourism zoning and management plans for sites that will be developed as ecotourism destinations.[137]. [152], Sixty-six percent of Laotians were Theravada Buddhist, 1.5 percent Christian, 0.1 percent Muslim, 0.1 percent Jewish, and 32.3 percent were other or traditional (mostly practitioners of Satsana Phi) in 2010. Jaew. Laos Capital City, Vientiane. Pakxe has also experienced growth based on cross-border trade with Thailand and Vietnam. Only 4% of the country is arable land and a mere 0.3% used as permanent crop land,[120] the lowest percentage in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Export earnings from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to generate 16% of total exports or US$270.3million in 2010, growing in nominal terms to US$484.2million (12.5% of the total) in 2020. In 1977, a communist newspaper promised the party would hunt down the "American collaborators" and their families "to the last root". Em 2009, um antigo crnio foi encontrado em uma caverna nas montanhas Annamite, no norte do Laos. [36], In a time period where the acquisition of humans was a priority over the ownership of land, the warfare of pre-modern Southeast Asia revolved around the seizing of people and resources from its enemies. France remained in de facto control until 22 October 1953, when Laos gained full independence as a constitutional monarchy. [147] Ten percent belong to other "lowland" groups, which together with the Lao people make up the Lao Loum (lowland people). Travel over the land is hard. The city is the home of the massive gilded stupa, Pha That Luang, a national symbol of Laos. ", "Laos Deputy PM Douangchay Phichit dies in plane crash", "Laos plane crash kills defence minister and senior officials", "Lao Defense Chief Among Plane Crash Victims", "Hmong Leader's Vanishing In Laos Reverberates in U.S.", Reports on results of investigations of allegations concerning the welfare of Hmong refugees and asylum seekers in Thailand and Laos, "Refugee Admissions Program for East Asia", "History of the Hmong Resettlement Task Force", Report on the situation in the Xaysomboun Special Zone and 1100 Hmong-Lao refugees who escaped to Petchabun, Thailand during 20042005, Thailand: EU Presidency Declaration on the situation of Hmong refugees, "Hmong refugees facing removal from Thailand", Deportation of Hmong Lao refugees stopped in last minute, Hmong: UNHCR Protests Refugee Deportation, "Somsanga's Secrets | Arbitrary Detention, Physical Abuse, and Suicide inside a Lao Drug Detention Center", "In charts: How the Philippines fares in Southeast Asia", "Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review: Eighth session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council", "Human Rights Watch Concerns on Laos Submitted in advance of the EU-Laos Human Rights Dialogue October 2015", "Human Rights Abuses in Laos Must be Tackled Now", "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016", "Free former student leaders arbitrarily detained for 17 years", "Amnesty International Report 2016/17: Laos", "Laos, Vietnam troops kill Hmong Christians", "Laos, Vietnam troops kill four Hmong Christians: NGO", "Two teenagers rescued from forced prostitution in Laos", "Chinese marriage proposals become prostitution nightmares for some Lao girls", "Communism and Capitalism Are Mixing in Laos", https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341793965, "Preparing the Cumulative Impact Assessment for the Nam Ngum 3 Hydropower Project: Financed by the Japan Special Fund", "Briefing note for countries on the 2015 Human Development Report Laos", International Food Policy Research Institute, "UN expert: Lao PDR's economic strategy entrenches poverty", Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, European Council On Tourism And Trade Delegation Visit To Laos-World Best Tourist Destination European Council On Tourism And Trade, "The Lao People's Democratic Republic's Vision for Ecotourism", "China's BRI and its High-Speed Railways to Nowhere", "Focales n 8. It is produced by the Lao Brewery Company. THE government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic has petitioned the District Court for the NMI to enforce foreign arbitral awards against Bridge Capital LLC and its principal John Baldwin in the total amount of $5,026,983.98. Under Vietnamese pressure, he rebelled against the Siamese in 1826. It is a political term that includes the non-ethnic Lao groups within Laos and identifies them as "Laotian" because of their political citizenship. The capital city has more of a small town feel than that of a capital. [166], Australian filmmaker Kim Mordount's first feature film was made in Laos and features a Laotian cast speaking their native language. Although some accusations of forced repatriation were denied,[82] thousands of Hmong people refused to return to Laos. [126] In addition, the country's plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of hydroelectric energy. Energy Efficiency Retrofitting of Buildings Challenges and Methods", Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerry; Luo, Yongxian (2004). Thailand (invested US$4.489billion) and Vietnam (invested US$3.108billion) are the second and third largest investors respectively. Today, French has a healthier status in Laos than the other Francophone nations of Asia and about 35% of all students in Laos receive their education in French, with the language being a required course in many schools. Laos has nine daily newspapers, 90 magazines, 43 radio stations, and 32 TV stations operating throughout the country. ::", "Global Religious Landscape; Table: Religious Composition by Country", "Human Development Report 2009. "Laos agrees to voluntary repatriation of refugees in Thailand", U.P.I., 5 June 1991. 1 Vientiane the increasingly busy capital on the banks of the Mekong River; 2 Huay Xai in the north, on the Mekong and the border with Thailand; 3 Luang Namtha capital of the north, known for its trekking; 4 Luang Prabang a UNESCO World Heritage City known for its numerous temples, colonial era architecture, and vibrant night market; 5 Muang Xay also known as . With the end of isolationism in the early 1990s however, the French language rebounded, thanks to the establishment of French, Swiss and Canadian relations and opening of French-language centers in central Laos. The major roads connecting to urban centres, in particular Route 13, have been significantly upgraded in recent years. Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai, "Let's hope Laos hangs on to its identity", "Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand: Archival Anecdotes and Village Voices", Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 18601945, "Laos Encyclopdia Britannica Overview", "Making More Enemies than We Kill? Vientiane, pronounced as "Viang-chan" in Lao, has been the Laotian capital city for 453 years. [141] Laos's progress is notable in comparison to similar developing countries. Vientiane is the capital and largest city in Laos. More than 540 mineral deposits of gold, copper, zinc, lead and other minerals have been identified, explored and mined. The Thai government attempted to repatriate these refugees, but the Wat Tham Krabok Hmong refused to leave and the Lao government refused to accept them, claiming they were involved in the illegal drug trade and were of non-Lao origin. Its first railway line, a short 3-km long metre-gauge railway that connects southern Vientiane to Thailand, only opened in 2009. The city also has a well-developed economy and a thriving tourism sector that attracts a large number of international investors. It is estimated that about 37% of educated Laotians live outside Laos. Vientiane, Laos might seem sleepy and languid by Southeast Asia standards, but the Lao PDR capital might surprise you with its diversity of cuisine, quirky sights, friendly locals, and infectious sabai-sabai attitude. By 1940, around 600 French citizens lived in Laos. Asia. [175] Lao citizens who have criticised the government have been subjected to enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and torture. According to the USCommittee for Refugees, he was arrested by Lao security forces and was never seen again. [27] Burial jars and other kinds of sepulchers suggest a complex society in which bronze objects appeared around 1500 BC, and iron tools were known from 700 BC. More than a century later, the kingdom was replaced by the Kingdom of Vientiane in 1707. Laos is now an independent country with an elected government, and Vientiane is its official capital. He describes his experience in the Lao capital in fine detail, making the minutiae come alive. Residents of the capital Vientiane are barred from leaving the city and outsiders must get permission to enter. [125], Laos is rich in mineral resources and imports petroleum and gas. [citation needed], According to estimates, around 300,000 people fled to Thailand as a consequence of governmental repressions. Laos, landlocked country of northeast-central mainland Southeast Asia. The sinh is a traditional garment worn by Lao women in daily life. [83] Around 5,000 Hmong people who were not resettled at the time of the camp closures sought asylum at Wat Tham Krabok, a Buddhist monastery in central Thailand where more than 10,000 Hmong refugees had already been living. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}18N 105E / 18N 105E / 18; 105. The country encompasses a total area of 237,955 square km and had a population of 6,492,228 in 2015. In 1996 as the deadline for the closure of Thai refugee camps approached, and under mounting political pressure, the United States agreed to resettle Hmong refugees who passed a new screening process. Photo: Tango7174, CC BY-SA 4.0. [121] The irrigated areas under cultivation account for only 28% of the total area under cultivation which, in turn, represents only 12% of all of the agricultural land in 2012. The small nation is bordered by China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia. Present-day Laos traces its historic and cultural identity to Lan Xang, which existed from the 13th century to the 18th century as one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia. The 1957 document was abrogated in December 1975, when a communist people's republic was proclaimed. The main investor is Thailand. [184], Laos has no tradition in other team sports. Vientiane has been the capital since 16th century. Metallurgy is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment to develop the substantial deposits of coal, gold, bauxite, tin, copper, and other valuable metals. The Pathet Lao were backed militarily by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong. It was built in 1556, when the capital was moved from Luang Prabang to Vientiene, and took 6 years to complete. Jaew can refer to any type of dipping sauce, of which Laos has a never ending abundance. For other uses, see, , "Peace, independence, democracy, unity and prosperity", Independence and Communist rule (1953present), The State respects and protects all lawful activities of Buddhists and of followers of other religions, [and] mobilises and encourages Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other religions to participate in activities that are beneficial to the country and people, Sanda Simms, ch. 1957 document was abrogated in December 1975, when the capital laos capital city... 2009, um antigo crnio foi encontrado em uma caverna nas montanhas Annamite, no do. Households are self-sufficient in rice Loo-ang pah-bang and also spelled Louangphrabang, is the largest and most important of! 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